{"id":40077,"date":"2022-04-14T20:01:12","date_gmt":"2022-04-14T10:01:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/?p=40077"},"modified":"2022-04-14T22:14:38","modified_gmt":"2022-04-14T12:14:38","slug":"neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\/","title":{"rendered":"A Pilates Instructor&#8217;s Guide to Parkinson&#8217;s Disease"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parkinson\u2019s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which affects the nervous system and the body\u2019s movement. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world behind Alzheimer\u2019s disease <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(&#8220;Neurodegenerative Diseases&#8221;, 2022).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40100\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/1-13.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/1-13.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/1-13-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/1-13-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/1-13-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/1-13-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The development of Parkinson\u2019s disease is linked to an area of the brain called the substantia nigra.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">substantia nigra is located in the \u201cmidbrain\u201d and is comprised of pigmented cells which appear dark in appearance due to a high neuromelanin content. The Latin words \u201csubstantia nigra\u201d translate to \u201cblack substance,\u201d which describes the appearance of this part of the brain. The substantia nigra is critical in the production of dopamine and plays a large role in movement and coordination of the body. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parkinson\u2019s disease develops when the dopamine neurons (nerve cells) in the substantia nigra are damaged and die over time. On\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an MRI of a healthy brain, it is possible to see the black area of the substantia nigra, however on a patient with Parkinson\u2019s disease, this dark area is less noticeable, indicating damage, degeneration or death to the neurons in this area of the brain.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40089 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/Untitled-design-e1649930334698.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"790\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Untitled-design-e1649930334698.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Untitled-design-e1649930334698-228x300.png 228w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Untitled-design-e1649930334698-114x150.png 114w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40097\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/2-12.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2-12.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2-12-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2-12-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2-12-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2-12-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parkinson\u2019s is a progressive disease, with symptoms appearing gradually and becoming more severe over time.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most common symptoms include motor problems such as &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tremors in the hands, arms, legs, jaw or head<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stiff\/rigid limbs<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Slow movement (called Bradykinesia)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Difficulty with balance, gait and coordination<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40101\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/3-10.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/3-10.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/3-10-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/3-10-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/3-10-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/3-10-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cause of Parkinson\u2019s disease is not fully understood, but research suggests that genetics, environmental exposures (exposure to heavy metals, pesticides etc.) and a past history of head trauma may contribute to the disease\u2019s development. While the disease can affect both men and women, research suggests that it is more common in men and most commonly occurs in patients aged over 60, although it can also be less commonly present in younger patients <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(&#8220;Parkinson&#8217;s Disease Risk Factors and Causes&#8221;, 2022)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40102\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/4-13.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/4-13.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/4-13-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/4-13-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/4-13-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/4-13-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While there is currently no cure for Parkinson\u2019s disease, treatment may involve &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical therapy and exercise<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medication to increase dopamine levels<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surgery (such as deep brain stimulation)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Speech and occupational therapy<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complementary therapies such as massage and acupuncture<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40103\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/5-9.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/5-9.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/5-9-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/5-9-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/5-9-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/5-9-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Postural and gait changes are commonly experienced in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease due to stiff muscles or periods of time off medication. Postural changes may include &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exaggerated kyphosis in the upper spine<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protracted neck (forward head posture)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protracted\/rounded shoulders\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A stooped posture\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leaning sideways\/lateral flexion through the spine\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shuffling gait<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40104\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/6-7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/6-7.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/6-7-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/6-7-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/6-7-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/6-7-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exercise can be incredibly beneficial for anyone with Parkinson\u2019s disease and research suggests that it can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life (&#8220;Exercise&#8221;, 2022). The Parkinson\u2019s Foundation recommends the following exercise guidelines for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Performing 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise per week<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modifying and progressing the exercise routine over time\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorporating aerobic activity, strength training, balance\/agility\/multitasking and stretching<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Parkinson\u2019s Foundation also recommends that the following safety considerations are taken into account with any fitness program &#8211;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supervision is important in the event of low blood pressure or \u201cfreezing of gait\u201d<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Be aware that full range of motion may not be possible due to muscle stiffness, adapt accordingly<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure safety with balance-based exercises and encourage the client to hold onto something stable to assist with balance and prevent falls<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40105\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/7-5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/7-5.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/7-5-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/7-5-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/7-5-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/7-5-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some studies suggest that the benefits of Pilates \u201con lower-body function appear to be superior to those of other conventional exercises\u201d for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease (Su\u00e1rez-Iglesias et al., 2019).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pilates may also benefit people with Parkinson\u2019s disease through improving &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flexibility<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balance and coordination<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mind to muscle connection<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall fitness<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducing pain<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Providing greater mobility<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40106\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/8-4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/8-4.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/8-4-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/8-4-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/8-4-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/8-4-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People with Parkinson\u2019s often have trouble initiating the movement (this is often referred to as \u201cfreezing\u201d), so whatever exercise you get them to perform, they may need more assistance and physical guidance with cueing and demonstrations to get them started with the movement. Then once they have the movement, keep them going with that movement until fatigue sets in (you want to avoid constantly swapping and changing the exercise after a few reps)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following the Studio Pilates Cueing Formula will be incredibly beneficial for clients with Parkinson\u2019s disease as this formula provides a sequential way to perform and understand the movement (from getting into the correct position first, to beginning the exercise, to finishing the exercise safely)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the severity of the Parkinson\u2019s disease, the client may have visible tremors or shaking of the limbs\/body when performing exercise. This is involuntary and is not a contraindication to performing the exercise (assuming that the client is comfortable and pain free)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pilates with the studio equipment (Reformer, Cadillac etc.) may be more suitable so the client doesn\u2019t need to get up and down off the ground (Matwork Pilates may pose some challenges with getting up and down off the mat)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the client is experiencing pain, only work within their limits and this includes possibly decreasing the range of movement<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Be aware that the client may have low blood pressure and may feel dizzy or lightheaded when moving from sitting or lying to standing<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The client may fatigue, so adjust session times based on when it is best for the client and end classes earlier when needed<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some clients may have greater energy at different times of the day so plan sessions around this (ie. many people with Parkinson\u2019s disease report fatigue later in the day. If this is the case, plan a morning session)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Be aware that balance will likely be affected and ensure that the client is safe the whole time &#8211; get the client to hold onto a stable surface to assist with balance<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40107\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/9-4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/9-4.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/9-4-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/9-4-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/9-4-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/9-4-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People with Parkinson\u2019s disease are likely to be &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tight and stiff through the thoracic spine, especially if they have a stooped posture which is creating flexion through the thoracic spine (exaggerated kyphosis) &#8211; gentle thoracic extension and rotation stretches can help with this<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tight through the Psoas and hip muscles &#8211; focusing on gentle hip mobility can help with this<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tight through the Latissimus Dorsi<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tight through the Pecs and chest due to rounded and protracted shoulders<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Generally weak through all muscles<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40108\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/10-6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/10-6.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/10-6-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/10-6-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/10-6-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/10-6-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p>General<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ideally perform matwork exercises on an elevated surface such as on a Reformer or Cadillac (so the client does not need to get up and down off the floor)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you need to perform matwork on the floor, be very aware of your programming so that the client does not need to get up and down off the floor constantly &#8211; minimise position changes as much as possible<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Supine Abdominal Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the client has a stooped posture, keep the head down (the repeated head lifting may not be comfortable for anyone with a stooped posture)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use a head cushion if comfortable<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Start with lower level abdominals with the feet down (Bent Knee Fallouts, Lift Foot, Leg Slides etc)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then gradually progress to Tabletop position (with exercises like Toe Taps and Pendulum &#8211; use smaller range of movement)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the progression of disease, the client may or may not be able to move onto leg extension exercises (Like Bicycle Legs and Criss Cross)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Supine Buttock Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A great series for anyone with Parkinson\u2019s disease as there is extremely low risk of falls<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All exercises should be safe to perform except for Pelvic Curl 3 (Single Leg Lift)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead you can add more levels and modifications to the Pelvic Curl exercises through adding in resistance bands or small balls between the knees<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may be more ideal to perform the Pelvic Curl exercises with a straight back\/neutral spine instead of rolling through the spine (this is because if the client\u2019s posture is stooped or leaning to the side \/ laterally flexed, the client may have reduced range of movement through the spine)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Side Lying Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A relatively safe series for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However if a pronounced lateral flexion is present, the client may not be able to lie down comfortably on one side. If this is the case, avoid this series<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clam exercises are a great option if the client is able to lie on their side<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Progressive Gluteal exercises like Hot Potato, Rectangles and Bicycles can be performed but require more coordination and balance<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Double Leg Lift exercise can be performed, however be aware that these may be challenging for balance. If the client is laterally flexed, they may be more likely to feel this in their back muscles. Keep the head down.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Prone Lying Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mid and upper back exercise are usually a good option for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease, however performing exercises in prone may be uncomfortable for someone with a stooped posture<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead modify these exercises to perform in kneeling or standing (standing may be more suitable for older clients)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Kneeling Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four point kneeling exercises may be beneficial depending on the severity of Parkinson\u2019s disease as this position is quite stable and provides more global strengthening of the body<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the client is able to four point kneel, the Horsekick exercises are a great option. Avoid Horsekick 3 (Sidekick) as this requires greater balance and range of movement<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid Kneeling Sidekick and Hinge exercises as these may put too much pressure on the joints and require more advanced balance<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Plank Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perform Plank on the knees<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modify Pilates Push Ups to be performed against a wall or on an elevated surface like a kitchen bench (to make the exercise easier and avoid pressure on the joints)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid Tricep Circles\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Stretching Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exercise caution with Spiral Stretch and Mermaid Stretch as the client may have difficulty getting into these positions and performing the stretch safely<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid Gluteal Stretch Prone and Rolldown Stretch<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All other stretches in the Matwork Course should be safe to perform<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:post-content -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40109\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/11-7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/11-7.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/11-7-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/11-7-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/11-7-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/11-7-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/b><\/p>\r\n<p>General<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the severity of Parkinson\u2019s disease, only place clients in positions where they can be safe and stable without risk of falling<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep movements and exercises simple<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The spring resistance can be incredibly beneficial for clients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and resistance training is recommended by the Parkinson\u2019s Foundation<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Supine Abdominal Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the client has a stooped posture, keep the head down (the repeated head lifting may not be comfortable for anyone with a stooped posture)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use a head cushion if comfortable<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Start with lower level abdominals. If clients can\u2019t perform tabletop position, stick to the Matwork exercises with the feet down (Bent Knee Fallouts, Lift Foot etc). These can be performed lying on the reformer with the feet on the standing platform<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then gradually progress to Tabletop position (with exercises like Abdominal Curl)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the progression of disease, the client may or may not be able to move onto leg extension exercises (Like Bicycle Legs and Criss Cross)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Midback Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All exercises should be safe to perform<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The safest arm series for people with Parkinson\u2019s to perform<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Back Rowing Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clients may sit on the box or sit cross legged on the carriage. However sitting cross legged on the carriage may pose difficulties for clients with poor flexibility<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure that you spot the client sitting on the box to prevent falls<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most clients with early stage Parkinson\u2019s disease will be able to perform all of these exercises<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A great series to perform as it is the second safest arm series to perform for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease and will help to improve upper back posture<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Front Rowing Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Front Rowing Series requires more balance and stability so only get clients to perform this series if they are capable of doing so safely<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not perform this series kneeling due to balance risk, instead perform this series sitting on a box and spot the client the whole time<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Side Arm Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clients may sit on the box or sit cross legged on the carriage. However sitting cross legged on the carriage may pose difficulties for clients with poor flexibility<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure that you spot the client sitting on the box or sitting on the carriage to prevent falls<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most clients with early stage Parkinson\u2019s disease will be able to perform all of these exercises<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Be sure to spot the client the whole time for safety<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not perform this series kneeling due to balance risk, instead perform this series sitting on a box and spot the client the whole time<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People with Parkinson\u2019s disease often develop shoulder problems such as Frozen Shoulder. As such, exercises like Internal Rotation and External Rotation which strengthen the Rotator Cuff muscles can be really beneficial for these clients<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stick with the easier exercises in the series, may need to avoid more complicated larger movements like Draw a Sword<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Prone Arm Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A good series to perform in the early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease or for any clients who don\u2019t have a pronounced kyphosis or stooped posture &#8211; good for helping to prevent pronounced kyphosis developing or a stooped posture from developing<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However for anyone who already has a pronounced kyphosis or stooped posture, they may find that this series strains their neck<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If performing, assist the client to get on and off the box safely\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Footwork Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most clients will be able to perform the Footwork Series safely<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The exercises Running, Single Leg Stretch 2 (Bicycles), Pelvic Curl 3 (Single Leg Lift) and Hamstring Curls may require more coordination and may be too challenging<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may be more ideal to perform the Pelvic Curl exercises with a straight back\/neutral spine instead of rolling through the spine (this is because if the client\u2019s posture is stooped or leaning to the side \/ laterally flexed, the client may have reduced range of movement through the spine and this can feel uncomfortable)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the Footwork exercises (either single leg or double leg), if a client\u2019s legs are shaking due to tremors and if this causes the feet to move on the footbar, you may need to hold the client\u2019s ankles and secure the feet on the footbar so they do not slip off<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Feet in Straps Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This series may be okay to perform for clients in the early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However in later stages of the disease, the tremors\/shaking making these exercises challenging to perform. It also may be difficult to get the feet in the straps. Some exercises like Big Frog also involve more complicated movements<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Side Lying Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid Foot in Strap exercises as these will be harder to coordinate with tremors\/shaking<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foot on Bar exercises should be safe to perform<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the Foot on Bar series, if a client\u2019s leg is shaking due to tremors and if this causes the foot to move on the footbar, you may need to hold the client\u2019s ankle and secure the foot on the footbar so it does not slip off<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Double Leg Lift exercises should be safe to perform in the early stages of Parkinson\u2019s but may be challenging for balance in the later stages. Keep the head down. Beats and Scissors modifications may be harder to coordinate.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Kneeling Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Knee Stretches 1 (Knees Down) and Reverse Knee Stretches should be safe to perform with guidance<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid Hinge due to balance and pressure on joints<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid Knee Stretches 2 (Knees Off) and Knee Stretches 3 (Running Preparation)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Short Box Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid this series due to balance concerns<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Plank Abdominal Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid this series<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perform Plank on the Mat on the knees instead<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modify Push Ups to be performed against a wall or on an elevated surface like a kitchen bench (to make the exercise easier and avoid pressure on the joints)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Standing Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid all exercises standing on the reformer due to balance\/safety concerns<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Okay to perform Scooter but get the client to hold onto the footbar for safety and balance<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Stretching Series<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exercises safe to perform: Lat Stretch, Calf Stretch, Hip Flexor Stretch 1 (Hands on Footbar)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spider Stretch 1 (Foot on the Floor) may be safe to perform in the early stages<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modify Kneeling Quad Stretch to be standing next to the reformer facing the pulleys. Place the foot of the leg closest to the reformer on the footbar and the knee of the same leg on the carriage.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid Front Split Stretch, Glute Stretch on the Footbar, Mermaid Stretch,\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inner Thigh Feet in Straps Stretch and Hamstring Foot in Strap Stretch may be possible in the early stages to perform depending on severity of disease, flexibility, amount of temor, and ability to put the feet in the straps<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/courses-available\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-37317 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2-600x59.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2-150x15.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2-300x29.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/book-a-course\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-37318 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/1-600x59.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/1-150x15.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/1-300x29.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/1-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40110\" src=\"http:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/12-7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/12-7.png 800w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/12-7-600x45.png 600w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/12-7-300x23.png 300w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/12-7-150x11.png 150w, https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/12-7-768x58.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bae, Y., Kim, J., Sohn, C., Choi, J., Choi, B., &amp; Song, Y. et al. (2021). Imaging the Substantia Nigra in Parkinson Disease an<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d Other Parkinsonian Syndromes. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radiology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">300<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2), 260-278. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2021203341\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2021203341<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bakhshayesh, B., Sayyar, S., &amp; Daneshmandi, H. (2017). Pilates Exercise and Functional Balance in Parkinson&#8217;s Disease. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Caspian Journal Of Neurological Sciences<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(8), 25-38. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18869\/acadpub.cjns.3.8.25\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18869\/acadpub.cjns.3.8.25<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bradykinesia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Parkinson&#8217;s Foundation. (2022). 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Feasibility and Efficacy of Mat Pilates on People with Mild-to-Moderate Parkinson&#8217;s Disease: A Preliminary Study. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rejuvenation Research<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">21<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2), 109-116. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/rej.2017.1969\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/rej.2017.1969<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Damier, P., Hirsch, E., Agid, Y., &amp; Graybiel, A. (1999). The substantia nigra of the human brain. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brain<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">122<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(8), 1437-1448. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/122.8.1437\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/122.8.1437<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exercise<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Parkinson&#8217;s Foundation. (2022). Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Treatment\/Exercise\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Treatment\/Exercise<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J, S., V, R., &amp; MR, B. (2022). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neuroanatomy, Substantia Nigra<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. PubMed. Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30725680\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30725680\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Johnson, L., Putrino, D., James, I., Rodrigues, J., Stell, R., Thickbroom, G., &amp; Mastaglia, F. (2022). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The effects of a supervised Pilates training program on balance in Parkinson\u2019s disease<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/Journal\/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=31424\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/Journal\/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=31424<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Khlebtovsky, A., Djaldetti, R., Rodity, Y., Keret, O., Tsvetov, G., Slutzcki-Shraga, I., &amp; Benninger, F. (2017). Progression of postural changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: quantitative assessment. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal Of Neurology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">264<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4), 675-683. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-017-8402-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-017-8402-6<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neurodegenerative Diseases<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (2022). 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Postural Dynamics Are Associated With Cognitive Decline in Parkinson&#8217;s Disease. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frontiers In Neurology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01044\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01044<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parkinson&#8217;s Disease<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. nhs.uk. (2022). Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/parkinsons-disease\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/parkinsons-disease\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parkinson&#8217;s Disease &#8211; Symptoms and Causes<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/parkinsons-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20376055\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/parkinsons-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20376055<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parkinson&#8217;s Disease Risk Factors and Causes<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Hopkinsmedicine.org. (2022). Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/conditions-and-diseases\/parkinsons-disease\/parkinsons-disease-risk-factors-and-causes\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/conditions-and-diseases\/parkinsons-disease\/parkinsons-disease-risk-factors-and-causes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parkinson\u2019s Exercise Recommendations<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Parkinson&#8217;s Foundation. (2022). Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/pd-library\/fact-sheets\/Parkinsons-Exercise-Recommendations\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/pd-library\/fact-sheets\/Parkinsons-Exercise-Recommendations<\/span><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical Therapy<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Parkinson&#8217;s Foundation. (2022). Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Treatment\/Physical-Therapy\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Treatment\/Physical-Therapy<\/span><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Su\u00e1rez-Iglesias, D., Miller, K., Seijo-Mart\u00ednez, M., &amp; Ay\u00e1n, C. (2019). Benefits of Pilates in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medicina<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">55<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(8), 476. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55080476\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55080476<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stooped Posture<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Parkinson&#8217;s Foundation. (2022). Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Symptoms\/Movement-Symptoms\/Stooped-Posture\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Symptoms\/Movement-Symptoms\/Stooped-Posture<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surgical Treatment Options<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Parkinson&#8217;s Foundation. (2022). Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Treatment\/Surgical-Treatment-Options\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Treatment\/Surgical-Treatment-Options<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Parkinson&#8217;s Foundation. (2022). Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Treatment\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Treatment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Triarhou, L. (2022). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dopamine and Parkinson&#8217;s Disease<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2022, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK6271\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK6271<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Xing, Y., Sapuan, A., Dineen, R., &amp; Auer, D. (2018). Life span pigmentation changes of the substantia nigra detected by neuromelanin-sensitive MRI. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Movement Disorders<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">33<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(11), 1792-1799. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27502\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27502<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which affects the nervous system and the body\u2019s movement. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world behind Alzheimer\u2019s disease (&#8220;Neurodegenerative Diseases&#8221;, 2022). The development of Parkinson\u2019s disease is linked to an area of the brain called the substantia nigra.\u00a0 The substantia nigra is located in &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;A Pilates Instructor&#8217;s Guide to Parkinson&#8217;s Disease&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":40124,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,116],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-article-categories","category-injuries"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>A Pilates Instructor&#039;s Guide to Parkinson&#039;s Disease - Studio Pilates<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Pilates Instructor&#039;s Guide to Parkinson&#039;s Disease - Studio Pilates\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Parkinson\u2019s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which affects the nervous system and the body\u2019s movement. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world behind Alzheimer\u2019s disease (&#8220;Neurodegenerative Diseases&#8221;, 2022). The development of Parkinson\u2019s disease is linked to an area of the brain called the substantia nigra.\u00a0 The substantia nigra is located in &hellip; Continue reading &quot;A Pilates Instructor&#8217;s Guide to Parkinson&#8217;s Disease&quot;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Studio Pilates\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-04-14T10:01:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-14T12:14:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.studiopilates.com\/education\/wp-content\/uploads\/blog-7.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Studio Pilates\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Studio Pilates\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"16 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.studiopilates.com\\\/education\\\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.studiopilates.com\\\/education\\\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Studio Pilates\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.studiopilates.com\\\/education\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5c10e4f105caa292f9897b89c01000a1\"},\"headline\":\"A Pilates Instructor&#8217;s Guide to Parkinson&#8217;s Disease\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-04-14T10:01:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-14T12:14:38+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.studiopilates.com\\\/education\\\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":3260,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.studiopilates.com\\\/education\\\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.studiopilates.com\\\/education\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/blog-7.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Article categories\",\"Injuries and Pregnancy\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.studiopilates.com\\\/education\\\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.studiopilates.com\\\/education\\\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.studiopilates.com\\\/education\\\/neuroanatomy-parkinsons-disease-pilates\\\/\",\"name\":\"A Pilates Instructor's Guide to Parkinson's Disease - 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